Parliamentary elections in Turkey
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Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of the Grand National Assembly for the next five years.[1] The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies with closed party lists or as independent candidates.
Participation
[edit]Age of candidacy
[edit]The age of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006.[2] Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18.[3]
Voting age
[edit]According to the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), the voting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995.[4]
Voter turnout
[edit]The voter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries where compulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey.[5]
Election year |
Registered voters |
Total votes |
Turnout |
---|---|---|---|
1950 | 8,905,743 | 7,953,085 | 89.3 |
1954 | 10,262,063 | 9,095,617 | 88.6 |
1957 | 12,078,623 | 9,250,949 | 76.6 |
1961 | 12,925,395 | 10,522,716 | 81.4 |
1965 | 13,679,753 | 9,748,678 | 71.3 |
1969 | 14,788,552 | 9,516,035 | 64.3 |
1973 | 16,798,164 | 11,223,843 | 66.8 |
1977 | 21,207,303 | 15,358,210 | 72.4 |
1983 | 19,767,366 | 18,238,362 | 92.3 |
1987 | 26,376,926 | 24,603,541 | 93.3 |
1991 | 29,979,123 | 25,157,089 | 83.9 |
1995 | 34,155,981 | 29,101,469 | 85.2 |
1999 | 37,495,217 | 32,656,070 | 87.1 |
2002 | 41,407,027 | 32,768,161 | 79.1 |
2007 | 42,799,303 | 36,056,293 | 84.2 |
2011 | 52,806,322 | 43,914,948 | 83.2 |
2015 | 56,608,817 | 47,507,467 | 83.9 |
2015 | 56,949,009 | 48,537,695 | 85.2 |
2018 | 59,367,469 | 51,189,444 | 86.2 |
2023 | 60,721,745 | 55,835,895 | 87.1 |
Electoral system
[edit]Electoral districts
[edit]Turkey is split into 87 electoral districts, which elect a certain number of representatives to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Electoral district are allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.
Election year |
20th century | 21st century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'20 | '23 | '27 | '31 | '35 | '39 | '43 | '46 | '50 | '54 | '57 | '61 | '65 | '69 | '73 | '77 | '83 | '87 | '91 | '95 | '99 | '02 | '07 | '11 | '15 | '15 | '18 | '23 | ||
# | Total | 436 | 333 | 335 | 348 | 444 | 470 | 492 | 503 | 477 | 537 | 602 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 400 | 450 | 450 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 600 | 600 |
Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | Adana | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
2 | Adıyaman | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||
3 | Afyonkarahisar | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
4 | Ağrı | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
68 | Aksaray[n 1] | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
5 | Amasya | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
6 | Ankara | 9 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 23 | 26 | 23 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 36 | 36 |
7 | Antalya | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 |
75 | Ardahan[n 2] | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
8 | Artvin | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
9 | Aydın | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
10 | Balikesir | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
74 | Bartın | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
72 | Batman | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
− | Batum[n 3] | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Bayburt | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
− | Biga[n 4] | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | Bilecik | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
12 | Bingöl[n 5] | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
13 | Bitlis | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
14 | Bolu | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
15 | Burdur | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
16 | Bursa | 7 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 |
17 | Çanakkale | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
18 | Çankırı | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
− | Çatalca[n 6] | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Çorum | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
20 | Denizli | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
21 | Diyarbakır | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
81 | Düzce | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Edirne | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
23 | Elazığ | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
− | Ergani[n 7] | 11 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Erzincan | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
25 | Erzurum | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
26 | Eskişehir | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
26 | Gaziantep | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
− | Gelibolu[n 8] | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Giresun | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
29 | Gümüşhane | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
30 | Hakkâri[n 9] | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
31 | Hatay | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | |||||
76 | Iğdır | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
32 | Isparta | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
− | İçel[n 10] | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Istanbul | 12 | 23 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 28 | 30 | 25 | 29 | 39 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 38 | 44 | 36 | 45 | 50 | 61 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 85 | 88 | 88 | 98 | 98 |
35 | Izmir | 8 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 28 |
46 | Kahramanmaraş | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
78 | Karabük | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
70 | Karaman | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
36 | Kars | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
37 | Kastamonu | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
38 | Kayseri | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
71 | Kırıkkale | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
39 | Kırklareli | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
40 | Kırşehir[n 11] | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
79 | Kilis | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
41 | Kocaeli | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 |
42 | Konya | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
− | Kozan[n 12] | 5 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Kütahya | 6 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
− | Lazistan[n 13] | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Malatya | 11 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
45 | Manisa | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
47 | Mardin | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
33 | Mersin | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 |
48 | Muğla | 11 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
49 | Muş[n 14] | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
50 | Nevşehir | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||
51 | Niğde | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
− | Oltu[n 15] | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Ordu | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | |
80 | Osmaniye[n 16] | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
53 | Rize [n 17] | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
54 | Sakarya | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | ||||||||||
55 | Samsun | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
56 | Siirt | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
57 | Sinop | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
58 | Sivas | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
− | Siverek[n 18] | 6 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | Şanlıurfa | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
− | Şebinkarahisar[n 19] | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Şırnak | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
59 | Tekirdağ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
60 | Tokat | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
61 | Trabzon | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
62 | Tunceli[n 20] | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
64 | Uşak | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||
65 | Van | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
77 | Yalova | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
66 | Yozgat | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
67 | Zonguldak | 4 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
# | Total | 436 | 333 | 335 | 348 | 444 | 470 | 492 | 503 | 477 | 537 | 602 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 400 | 450 | 450 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 550 | 600 | 600 |
Seats allocation
[edit]Parliamentary seats are allocated according to the d’Hondt method in a party-list proportional representation system.[6] Political parties first need to pass an electoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming an electoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the 1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability.[7]
From 1946 onwards, all elections were direct elections. In the elections held between 1946 and 1957, a party block voting system was applied. Under this system, the party that obtained a plurality of votes in a constituency would get all the deputies in that constituency. The system resulted in a landslide victories. For example, the Democrat Party received 58% of the votes in the 1954 election, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.
Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of the Constitution of 1961. For the elections of 1961, a party-list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that the Hare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.
In the 1965 election, the national remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwide electoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the 1987 and 1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used.[8]
Campaigning
[edit]The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants.[9] Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings".[10]
Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. The Constitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party.[9]
Summary of past elections
[edit]The list below shows the election results of the multi-party period in Turkey since 1946.
By-elections
[edit]By-elections in Turkey are regulated in accordance with Article 7 of the Law on Parliamentary Elections. Accordingly, by-elections are held in case of a vacancy in the membership of the Parliament. According to the constitution, by-elections are held once in each election period, and by-elections cannot be held unless 30 months have passed and 1 year before the parliamentary elections. However, if a province or constituency does not have any members in the Parliament, by-elections are held in that constituency on the first Sunday after 90 days following the vacancy.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Aksaray was a province between 1924-1933 and was a district of Niğde from 1933 to 1989.
- ^ Ardahan was a province until 1926 and was a district of Kars from 1926 to 1992.
- ^ It was left to Georgia with the Treaty of Moscow in 1921.
- ^ In 1923, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
- ^ Genç until 1926, district of Elazig province between 1927-1929 and district of Muş province between 1929-1936.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Istanbul province.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Diyarbakır province.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
- ^ District of Van province between 1933-1936.
- ^ It merged with Mersin Province in 1933.
- ^ District of Nevşehir Province between 1954-1957.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Adana province.
- ^ In 1923, the province of Rize was established in place of the Lazistan Sanjak
- ^ District of Bitlis province between 1925-1929.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Erzurum province.
- ^ Cebel-i Bereket Province until 1933, district of Adana Province between 1933-1996.
- ^ Between 1933 and 1936, it merged with Çoruh Province, with the center being Rize.
- ^ In 1926, it became a district of Şanlıurfa province.
- ^ It became a district of Giresun province in 1933
- ^ District of Elazığ between 1926-1936.
- ^ Chughtai, Alia (24 June 2018). "All you need to know about Turkish election". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. 1 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Ašimović Akyol, Riada (5 April 2017). "Will Turkey allow 18-year-old members of parliament? - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Akca, Furkan (13 June 2022). "Seçme ve seçilme yaşı". Doğrula (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Çaylak, Adem (25 October 2017). "Voter turnout in Turkey: a cross-national comparison". Journal of International Social Research. 10 (52): 352–351. doi:10.17719/jisr.2017.1897. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "How Turkey's Parliamentary Elections Work". 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Cop, Burak (2017). Electoral systems in Turkey (1st ed.). İstanbul. ISBN 978-605-2380-18-5. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b "Observation Mission Final Report" (PDF). OSCE. 24 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ Şen, Ersan (10 March 2017). "Yurtdışında Seçim Propagandası Yasağı". Hukuki Haber (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu". www.anayasa.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2023.